Tendência da mortalidade neonatal na cidade de Salvador (Bahia-Brasil), 1996-2012 / Neonatal mortality trends in the city of Salvador (Bahia-Brazil), 1996-2012

Analisar a tendência da mortalidade neonatal, principais causas e potenciais fatores de risco, em Salvador-Bahia, 1996-2012.Métodos:estudo de série temporal tendo como fontes de dados os Sistemas de Informação sobre Mortalidade e sobre Nascidos Vivos/NV e Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Parâmetros da tendência temporal do coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal/CMN e da proporção de NV segundo características maternas, do recém-nascido e de atenção à saúde foram obtidos mediante Regressão Linear Simples. Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman avaliou relação entre estas variáveis.Resultados:observou-se declínio de 21,2 por cento no CMN, principalmente devido ao componente precoce (β= - 0,730; p=0,006; R2= 0,423). Acompanhou esta tendência, a proporção de NV de mães adolescentes e sem instrução. A proporção de NV de mães com idade > 35 anos, nascimentos prematuros e de partos cesáreos exibiram crescimento. Predominaram mortes neonatais por Infecções específicas do período perinatal (13,2 por cento), Hipóxia intrauterina/Asfixia ao nascer (8,4 por cento) e Transtornos relacionados à prematuridade/baixo peso ao nascer (15,9 por cento), estas últimas com tendência de crescimento (β= 1,319; p=0,006; R2= 0,428).Conclusões:a mortalidade neonatal e potenciais fatores de risco estão decrescendo em Salvador. Iniciativas voltadas para melhoria da atenção ao recém-nascido e das condições de vida da população podem estar contribuindo para esta tendência...

To investigate neonatal mortality trends, principal causes and potential risk factors, in Salvador-Bahia, 1996-2012.Methods:a time series study was carried out using data from the Mortality and Live Births/LB Information Systems and the National Register of Health Establishments. Parameters for the trend over time of the neonatal mortality coefficient /NMC and the proportions of LBs in terms of characteristics of the mother, the newborn and health care were obtained using simple linear regression. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relation between these variables.Results:a decline of 21.2 percent in NMC was observed, mainly owing to premature births (β= - 0.730; p=0.006; R2= 0.423). This tendency was followed by the proportion of LBs among adolescent mothers and mothers with no schooling. The proportion of LBs among mothers aged > 35 years, premature births and Caesarean births was found to be higher. The predominant cause of neonatal death was specific infection during perinatal period (13.2 percent). Intra-uterine hypoxia/asphyxia during birth (8.4 percent) and disorders relating to premature birth/low birth weight (15.9 percent), were also found to be on the rise (β= 1.319; p=0.006; R2= 0.428).Conclusions:neonatal mortality and the prevalence of potential risk factors are on the decline in Salvador. Initiatives aiming to improve neonatal care and the living conditions of the population may be contributing to this trend...

Social inequalities in neonatal mortality and living condition / Desigualdades sociais na mortalidade neonatal e condicao de vida

Objective: To evaluate the association between the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and living conditions, and to analyze trends in the social inequalities, related to this mortality, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 2000 - 2006. Methods: The city's Information Zones, the unit of analysis used in this study, were grouped into strata reflecting high, intermediate, low and very low living conditions, based on a living conditions index (LCI). Neonatal mortality rates were calculated for each stratum. Spearman's correlation, linear regression and relative risks were used in the data analysis. Results: Neonatal mortality in Salvador was found to be associated with living conditions, with risks of 53, 56 and 59% greater, respectively, in the intermediate, low and very low strata, when compared to the high living conditions stratum. Only the intermediate living conditions stratum shows a significant decline in neonatal mortality (β = -0.93; p = 0.039). In the stratum of high living conditions, it was observed a stagnation of this mortality. Conclusions: Poorer living conditions were associated to higher risks of neonatal mortality. The slight decline in social inequalities, found in neonatal mortality, was due to a decline in the intermediate living conditions stratum. Although dependent on the access to quality healthcare services and life support technologies, a more consistent reduction in the neonatal mortality and its associated inequalities will only be achieved when broader-reaching public policies are implemented, improving the living conditions, and mainly focusing on priority groups. .

Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre distribuição espacial da mortalidade neonatal e condições de vida, e analisar as tendências das desigualdades sociais relacionadas a essa mortalidade, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, 2000 - 2006. Métodos: As Zonas de Informação da cidade, a unidade de análise utilizada nesse estudo, foram agrupadas em estratos de alta, intermediária, baixa e muito baixa condições de vida, com base em um Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV). Taxas de mortalidade neonatal foram calculadas para cada estrato. Correlação de Spearman, regressão linear e riscos relativos foram utilizados na análise de dados. Resultados: a mortalidade neonatal em Salvador mostrou-se associada às condições de vida, com risco de 53, 56 e 59% maior, respectivamente, nos estratos intermediários, baixa e muito baixa em comparação com o de alta condição de vida. Somente o estrato de condições de vida intermediário mostrou uma queda significativa na mortalidade neonatal (β = -0,93, p = 0,039). No estrato de condições de vida elevado, observou-se a estagnação desta mortalidade. Conclusões: Piores condições de vida foram associadas a maiores riscos de mortalidade neonatal. A ligeira redução das desigualdades sociais encontradas na mortalidade neonatal foi devida ao declénio na mortalidade do estrato de intermediária condição de vida. Embora dependente do acesso a serviços de qualidade de saúde e tecnologias de suporte à vida, uma redução mais consistente da mortalidade neonatal e das desigualdades só será alcançada quando forem implementadas poléticas públicas de mais amplo alcance, melhorando as condições de vida, focalizando, principalmente, em grupos ...

Social inequalities in neonatal mortality and living condition.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and living conditions, and to analyze trends in the social inequalities, related to this mortality, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 2000 - 2006. METHODS: The city's Information Zones, the unit of analysis used in this study, were grouped into strata reflecting high, intermediate, low and very low living conditions, based on a living conditions index (LCI). Neonatal mortality rates were calculated for each stratum. Spearman's correlation, linear regression and relative risks were used in the data analysis. RESULTS: Neonatal mortality in Salvador was found to be associated with living conditions, with risks of 53, 56 and 59% greater, respectively, in the intermediate, low and very low strata, when compared to the high living conditions stratum. Only the intermediate living conditions stratum shows a significant decline in neonatal mortality (ß = -0.93; p = 0.039). In the stratum of high living conditions, it was observed a stagnation of this mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer living conditions were associated to higher risks of neonatal mortality. The slight decline in social inequalities, found in neonatal mortality, was due to a decline in the intermediate living conditions stratum. Although dependent on the access to quality healthcare services and life support technologies, a more consistent reduction in the neonatal mortality and its associated inequalities will only be achieved when broader-reaching public policies are implemented, improving the living conditions, and mainly focusing on priority groups.

[Spatial analysis of neonatal mortality and associated factors in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 2000-2006]. / Análise da distribuição espacial da mortalidade neonatal e de fatores associados, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no período 2000-2006.

An ecological study was performed to identify patterns in the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and risk areas as well as associated factors in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 2000-2006. A thematic map was constructed, and techniques were used for formal assessment of spatial dependence. No spatial and spatial regression models were used to assess possible relationships between selected factors and spatial distribution of neonatal mortality. Spatial autocorrelation was observed in neonatal mortality (I = 0.17; p = 0.0100), so its distribution was non-random. The analysis showed a spatial pattern in which the highest risk (> 9.0/1,000 live births) was concentrated in the downtown areas and peripheral neighborhoods with the highest concentration of low-income families, and this was associated with the target risk factors. The proportion of low birth weight newborns was the only variable that was significantly associated with neonatal mortality. Living conditions may have contributed to the uneven spatial distribution of neonatal mortality in this city.

Análise da distribuição espacial da mortalidade neonatal e de fatores associados, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no período 2000-2006 / Spatial analysis of neonatal mortality and associated factors in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 2000-2006

An ecological study was performed to identify patterns in the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and risk areas as well as associated factors in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 2000-2006. A thematic map was constructed, and techniques were used for formal assessment of spatial dependence. No spatial and spatial regression models were used to assess possible relationships between selected factors and spatial distribution of neonatal mortality. Spatial autocorrelation was observed in neonatal mortality (I = 0.17; p = 0.0100), so its distribution was non-random. The analysis showed a spatial pattern in which the highest risk (> 9.0/1,000 live births) was concentrated in the downtown areas and peripheral neighborhoods with the highest concentration of low-income families, and this was associated with the target risk factors. The proportion of low birth weight newborns was the only variable that was significantly associated with neonatal mortality. Living conditions may have contributed to the uneven spatial distribution of neonatal mortality in this city.

Realizou-se estudo de agregados espaciais visando a identificar padrões na distribuição espacial da mortalidade neonatal, bem como fatores associados, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, 2000-2006. Foram construídos mapas temáticos e usadas técnicas para apreciação formal de dependência espacial. Mediante modelos de regressão linear múltipla (espacial e não espacial) verificou-se a relação entre distribuição espacial dessa mortalidade e fatores selecionados. Evidenciou-se autocorrelação espacial para a mortalidade neonatal (I = 0,17; p = 0,0100), não havendo, portanto, aleatoriedade em sua distribuição. Foi delineado um padrão espacial em que os maiores riscos (> 9,0/1.000 nascidos vivos) concentraram-se em áreas do centro e subúrbio, onde reside a população de menor condição socioeconômica, mostrando-se esta distribuição associada aos fatores de risco analisados. A proporção de nascidos vivos com baixo peso foi a única variável significativamente associada à mortalidade neonatal. Possivelmente, as condições de vida da população contribuíram para a desigual distribuição espacial da mortalidade neonatal nesse município.